ABSTRACT An off‐grid system with renewable energy integration, considering a solar photovoltaic system, is a promising solution to fulfil the energy demand of consumers in remote areas. However, photovoltaic systems have uncertainties and variability issues which interrupt the regular operation and need proper planning for energy resilience. To handle the uncertainty problem of photovoltaic power, power‐to‐gas (PtG) technology can be integrated into the system, acting as long‐term energy storage. To mitigate the challenges of uncertainties and variabilities, long‐term energy storage, and resilient and economic operation, this research paper proposes a novel mathematical model of an integrated energy system with PtG technology for minimising the total system planning cost. A robust optimisation approach with the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker theorem is used to deal with bi‐level optimisation and worst‐case scenarios due to photovoltaic system uncertainty using PtG technology and energy storage system. Sensitivity analysis is performed with robust optimisation for proving the increase and decrease in the total cost. The results show an optimised result after applying robust optimisation to deal with photovoltaic system uncertainty, which increased the cost. The total cost, which includes investment and operation cost, is Rs. 20,554,932 ( Γ = 0) in the first year. As the uncertainty increased from 0 to 1, 2, …, 24, the cost also increased and at Γ = 24, which is the worst case, the cost increased to Rs. 50,310,770.4. The final cost at year 19 is Rs. 12,010,000.11, which shows the minimised cost. The proposed approach decreases the overall cost by 2%–41.57% for 20 years’ planning, which indicates economical and resilient operation in the future. The advantages of the proposed approach are justified by applying it to an off‐grid system supplying energy with solar and gas equipment in a remote area, which can provide energy to 46–59 household consumers, depending on daily consumption (5.5–7 kWh/house).
Faisal et al. (Thu,) studied this question.