What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to examine how the Android Auto judgment has altered the law related to refusal to deal and its implications.

March 31, 2026

How Android Auto Reshapes the Law of Refusal to Deal (and What It Means in Practice)

Puntos clave

The aim is to examine how the Android Auto judgment has altered the law related to refusal to deal and its implications.
Analysis of the ECJ judgment in Android Auto
Evaluation of the Magill and Bronner doctrines
Identification of changes in case law
Assessment of implications for Article 102 TFEU
Reduction in the application scope of the Magill and Bronner doctrines
Expansion of potential interventions under Article 102 TFEU
Increased relevance of private enforcement across the EU

Resumen

The judgment of the Court of Justice (ECJ) in Android Auto has reshaped the law of refusal to deal. In particular, it has significantly reduced the scope of application of the Magill and Bronner doctrines, which are, in the aftermath of the ruling, only relevant where a dominant undertaking operates a fully closed system. This article identifies the ways in which Android Auto has transformed the case law and expands the reach of intervention under Article 102 TFEU. It also identifies the distributional and institutional consequences of the substantive choices made by the ECJ at a time when private enforcement is on the rise across the EU.

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