A study of the histopathological spectrum of breast lesions in a tertiary care hospital

Abstract Background: Breast tissue undergoes various changes throughout life due to hormonal and environmental influences, which can result in a range of neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. With breast cancer now being the leading cancer among women in India, understanding its incidence, patterns, and subtypes is crucial for raising awareness in society. Materials and Methods: A 3-year retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology from September 1, 2022, to September 30, 2025, to analyze the spectrum of breast lesions and determine the incidence and subtypes of breast cancer presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Patients presenting with palpable lumps were included in the study, whereas previously diagnosed cases of breast carcinoma undergoing treatment were excluded from the study. Results: Of the 246 specimens received, 233 were from female patients. Among these, 99 were benign neoplasms, 108 were malignant lesions, and 39 were nonneoplastic lesions. Fibroadenoma was the most frequent benign lesion, infiltrating ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified, was the most common malignant lesion, and fibrocystic disease was the predominant nonneoplastic lesion. In male patients, gynecomastia was the most common benign diagnosis. Benign lesions were most prevalent in the second decade of life, whereas malignant lesions were more common in the fifth decade of life. Conclusion: Thorough histopathological evaluation is essential to distinguish malignant lesions from their mimics. Benign breast conditions are more common in younger individuals, often presenting as painless palpable lumps. Early detection is key to reducing anxiety, ensuring accurate diagnosis, and enabling appropriate treatment, thereby minimizing morbidity and mortality.