What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to analyze antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from food-transport containers to inform hygiene practices.

April 1, 2026Open Access

Phenotypic and Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Transport Containers Used in Institutional Catering

Puntos clave

The study aims to analyze antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from food-transport containers to inform hygiene practices.
Isolated E. coli from food-transport containers used in institutional catering across multiple sites.
Conducted minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing to assess resistance.
Performed ESBL confirmatory testing with specific antibiotics to identify inhibitor-positive phenotypes.
Utilized whole-genome sequencing to profile resistance genes in E. coli isolates.
Colistin resistance was most commonly observed in E. coli isolates.
Confirmed 30 inhibitor-positive ESBL profiles, none explained by traditional ESBL genes.
Identified 45 resistance-associated genes in the sequenced isolates.
Most isolates belonged to phylogroup A with specific serotype and sequence type predominating.

Resumen

Background: Public catering is an underexplored One Health interface where structurally complex food-transport equipment may sustain reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. We investigated Escherichia coli from reusable institutional catering food-transport containers, focusing on a difficult-to-clean pressure-relief/ventilation valve compartment. Our objectives were to quantify phenotypic resistance using applied clinical breakpoints, assess inhibitor-synergy outcomes in ESBL confirmatory testing, and contextualize inhibitor-positive isolates by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: E. coli was isolated from containers sourced from 17 institutions and three central kitchens using ISO 16649-2. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) confirmatory testing used cefotaxime/ceftazidime ± clavulanate; inhibitor positivity was defined as a ≥3 two-fold MIC decrease in the presence of clavulanate in isolates meeting CLSI screening thresholds. Inhibitor-positive isolates underwent WGS and CARD-based resistome profiling. Results: Resistance was most frequent to colistin (10, 10.8%), followed by doxycycline (8, 8.6%), florfenicol (7, 7.5%), enrofloxacin (4, 4.3%), and gentamicin (3, 3.2%). Third-generation cephalosporin resistance by clinical breakpoints was uncommon (cefotaxime: 2, 2.2%; ceftazidime: 1, 1.1%). Inhibitor-positive ESBL confirmatory phenotypes occurred in 30 isolates (32.3%), which were sequenced. WGS identified 45 resistance-associated genes across inhibitor-positive isolates but detected no classical ESBL genes; all carried chromosomal ampC/ampH alongside ubiquitous efflux-associated determinants. All WGS isolates belonged to phylogroup A, with serotype O154:H9 (20, 66.7%) and ST5549 (17, 56.7%) predominating. Conclusions: Institutional catering food-transport containers can harbor AMR E. coli, with colistin as the most frequent resistance phenotype and frequent inhibitor-positive ESBL confirmatory profiles that, in this set, were not explained by classical ESBL gene carriage. Integrating phenotype, WGS resistomics, and lineage structure supports targeted hygiene surveillance and risk-informed One Health monitoring in mass catering systems.

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