Early in the nineteenth century British Orientalist Edward William Lane set off for Egypt, and a three-year sojourn in Cairo produced the remarkable, voluminous An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), a pioneering ethnography of the Middle East. (1)In addition to many other facets of everyday life, Lane gave substantial attention to the popular beliefs and practices of Islam.In one of numerous descriptions concerning the Islamic saints (wal), he wrote:In the first place, if a person were to express a doubt as to the existence of true welees, he would be branded with infidelity, and the following passage of the Kur-n would be adduced to condemn him: "Verily, on the favourites of God no fear shall come, nor shall they grieve."This is considered as sufficient to prove that there is a class of persons distinguished above ordinary human beings.The question then suggests itself, "Who, or of what description, are these persons?" and we are answered, "They are persons wholly devoted to God, and possessed of extraordinary faith; and, according to This paper is produced for this special issue through a major revision of an article titled "
Masayuki Akahori (Fri,) studied this question.
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