Bread of Life, Diverse Realities: Understandings of the Eucharist Through a Sociodemographic Lens

ABSTRACT: This study investigates sociodemographic disparities in Catholic understandings of the Eucharist, with particular attention to the doctrine of transubstantiation. Utilizing data from a nationally representative 2022 survey of US Catholics (n = 1,031) conducted by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, the analysis identifies significant associations between both race/ethnicity and educational attainment and correct identification of church teaching on the Eucharist. Notably, Hispanic Catholics and those without a college degree were less likely to identify the doctrine accurately. Mediation analyses found these disparities in correct understanding of the Eucharist were substantially mediated by religious practices, most notably frequency of Mass attendance, participation in parish ministries, attendance at Catholic school, and experiences of sacramental preparation. In addition, higher educational attainment was associated with increased capacity to engage with abstract theological concepts. No significant gender-based differences were observed in accurate Eucharistic understandings. This study offers novel empirical insights with insights that advance sociological research on the socioeconomic differences in religious experience, yet also have practical implications for pastoral ministry. These findings underscore the importance of structured, parish-based catechetical efforts in fostering Eucharistic literacy, especially among populations with limited access to formal theological education.