Cadaveric and Conceptual Study of Janu Sandhi With Special Reference to Snayu and Sandhi Bandhana

Janu Sandhi (knee joint) represents one of the most structurally complex and functionally demanding joints in the human body. It plays a central role in locomotion, weight transmission, and postural stability. Classical Ayurvedic literature describes this joint in detail, emphasizing the role of Snayu (ligamentous structures) and Sandhi Bandhana (joint-binding mechanisms) in maintaining its integrity. The present study aims to analyze the anatomical and functional aspects of Janu Sandhi through cadaveric dissection and a conceptual review of Ayurvedic texts, followed by correlation with contemporary anatomical understanding. Cadaveric observations demonstrate that the structural stability of the knee joint is primarily maintained by cruciate and collateral ligaments, menisci, joint capsule, and surrounding musculature. These structures closely correspond to Snayu and Sandhi Bandhana described in Ayurveda. Classical texts mention approximately ten Snayu in the Janu region, which aligns well with the ligamentous and supportive elements identified in modern anatomy. Furthermore, the concept of Shleshaka Kapha is functionally analogous to synovial fluid, contributing to lubrication and nourishment of the joint. This integrative analysis highlights that Ayurvedic anatomical concepts are not merely theoretical but reflect a precise understanding of structural and functional anatomy. The study provides a scientific basis for interpreting clinical conditions such as Sandhigata Vata and ligament injuries, thereby supporting an integrative approach in musculoskeletal research and practice.