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Meeting the increased demand for rare earth elements and uranium for clean energy technologies requires additional sources beyond primary mined ore. Secondary sources like phosphogypsum, coal fly ash, used nuclear fuel, and electronic waste are concentrated sources of critical minerals. One strategy for a resilient supply chain is to decentralize sourcing and hydrometallurgical processing of metals. Rotating packed beds (RPBs) for solid-phase extraction and liquid–liquid extraction are gaining momentum for their ability to increase process throughput by 5–10x the state of the art. This review discusses advances in hydrometallurgical RPB processes and opportunities for implementation in distributed metals production.
Kent et al. (Thu,) studied this question.