Semiconductor spin qubits

Spin qubits, employing the fundamental quantum property of intrinsic angular momentum of individual electrons and nuclei, continue to develop and evolve. Lithographically patterned semiconductor chips play host to spin-qubit systems in which long coherence times, high-fidelity quantum gates, and single-shot quantum measurement are now routine. This review summarizes progress in four current qubit types: single spin qubits, donor spin qubits, singlet triplet spin qubits, and exchange-only spin qubits. All have been boosted by advances in mesoscopic physics. On the other hand, all systems still need to address challenges to further progress, such as the mitigation of noise and the establishment of long-distance quantum entanglement.