Quantum batteries: Energy storage models and physical approaches via quantum systems

Quantum batteries represent a rapidly evolving concept that redefines energy storage and charging processes within the framework of quantum mechanics. Unlike classical electrochemical batteries, their performance is characterized not by energy density but by charging power, which can be enhanced through quantum correlations and collective protocols. This review critically examines quantum batteries from the perspective of energy storage science, highlighting how ergotropy, quantum speed limits, and decoherence provide fundamental lessons for classical technologies. We compare theoretical models with proof-of-principle demonstrations across superconducting qubits, nuclear spins, and organic molecular platforms, emphasizing both their potential and their limitations under realistic conditions. By integrating insights from quantum thermodynamics with practical energy storage challenges, we identify concrete research directions in hybrid architectures, scalability, and noise mitigation. Our analysis positions quantum batteries not as immediate alternatives to classical devices, but as model systems that reveal the fundamental constraints and opportunities of energy transfer, thereby guiding the design of next-generation energy storage technologies. • Quantum batteries have been examined from an energy storage perspective. • The effects of collective charging and quantum acceleration have been evaluated. • Physical and molecular platforms have been compared. • The effects of decoherence and energy losses have been discussed. • Future research directions for energy storage have been presented.