Resilience, Hardiness, Sense of Coherence, and Posttraumatic Growth: All Paths Leading to “Light at the End of the Tunnel”?

ABSTRACT Two questions prompted this targeted review: (a) What are the behavioral and social determinants of individual and/or collective resilience—the capacity to rebound from crisis? and (b) Is the evidence base for related concepts, including hardiness, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth consistent? The findings suggest that the theory of salutogenesis, operationalized by the sense of coherence construct, is inclusive of the related concepts of resilience and hardiness. Moreover, it is grounded in robust primary research of cross-cultural relevance. More recent concepts of recovery and posttraumatic growth also contribute to our understanding of resilience. Implications for international humanitarian psychosocial programming are discussed.