Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis

The incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis is unclear and has been reported to range from 0.06% to 1% of patients prescribed an ICI.Myocarditis may be difficult to diagnose.The risk factors for ICI-associated myocarditis are not well understood but may include underlying autoimmune disease and diabetes mellitus.The prevalence of myocarditis has been reported to be higher with combination immune therapies.Myocarditis with ICI's typically occurs early, with an elevated troponin, may present with an normal left ventricular ejection fraction and may have a fulminant course.The optimal management of myocarditis associated with ICI's is unclear but most cases are treated with high-dose steroids.