Smart irrigation systems have emerged as one of the promising solutions to curb the parsimoniousness of water in the farming sector among many initiatives. The study aims to design and develop a cost-effective smart irrigation system using soil moisture and environmental sensors with a microcontroller to optimize water use based on real-time field conditions. A smart irrigation system was conceptualized and designed using CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) software to optimize water management in agricultural settings. The system integrated four main subsystems: water management infrastructure, a sensor network, an IoT-based control unit, and a water delivery mechanism, implemented at Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Soil Conservation Brahmanand P.G. College, and Maya Devi University. Soil moisture sensors, weather stations, soil probes, and ambient condition sensors were deployed to monitor real-time environmental and soil parameters, supporting accurate irrigation decisions. An ESP32/Arduino-based IoT controller processed sensor data, triggered irrigation using closed-loop feedback logic, and enabled cloud connectivity for remote monitoring. Field simulation and testing under varying soil and environmental conditions validated the system’s adaptive and precise irrigation performance, demonstrating its potential to enhance water-use efficiency and support sustainable agriculture. The developed smart irrigation system demonstrated effective soil moisture–based automation, ensuring precise water application that prevented both over-irrigation and moisture stress in crops. IoT-enabled monitoring and control allowed remote access to soil moisture, environmental parameters, and system status, enhancing operational efficiency, reducing human intervention, and enabling timely decision-making. The system also integrated fertigation and crop health monitoring, delivering nutrients directly to the root zone while continuously assessing soil pH and salinity, thereby promoting balanced growth and sustainable soil management. Solar-powered operation ensured energy independence, high reliability, and suitability for remote agricultural settings. Overall, the developed model represents a practical, scalable solution for precision agriculture, with strong potential to improve water productivity, reduce labor dependence, and support sustainable farming practices, contributing to long-term agricultural resilience and resource conservation.
Kumar et al. (Wed,) studied this question.