Gravitational energy in spherical symmetry

Various properties of the Misner-Sharp spherically symmetric gravitational energy E are established or reviewed. In the Newtonian limit of a perfect fluid, E yields the Newtonian mass to leading order and the Newtonian kinetic and potential energy to the next order. For test particles, the corresponding H\'aj\' c cek energy is conserved and has the behavior appropriate to energy in the Newtonian and special-relativistic limits. In the small-sphere limit, the leading term in E is the product of volume and the energy density of the matter. In vacuo, E reduces to the Schwarzschild energy. At null and spatial infinity, E reduces to the Bondi-Sachs and Arnowitt-Deser-Misner energies, respectively. The conserved Kodama current has charge E. A sphere is trapped if E>1/2r, marginal if E=1/2r, and untrapped if E1/2r, where r is the areal radius. A central singularity is spatial and trapped if E>0, and temporal and untrapped if E0. On an untrapped sphere, E is nondecreasing in any outgoing spatial or null direction, assuming the dominant energy condition. It follows that E0 on an untrapped spatial hypersurface with a regular center, and E1/2r₀ on an untrapped spatial hypersurface bounded at the inward end by a marginal sphere of radius r₀. All these inequalities extend to the asymptotic energies, recovering the Bondi-Sachs energy loss and the positivity of the asymptotic energies, as well as proving the conjectured Penrose inequality for black or white holes. Implications for the cosmic censorship hypothesis and for general definitions of gravitational energy are discussed. 1996 The American Physical Society.