Sex-Specific Interrelationships of Sleeping and Nutritional Habits with Somatic Health Indicators in Young Adults

Abstract Purpose The study of nutrition and sleep patterns on somatic health variables (body composition, bone tissue, and blood pressure) in younger individuals is less explored than in older populations but may offer insights into preventing health conditions. Methods The sample comprised 962 Slovaks, men and women, aged 18–30 (21.60 ± 2.37). Bone tissue quality was evaluated by quantitative ultrasound (Sunlight MiniOmni), yielding speed of sound (SOS; m/s) data. Body composition variables, including FMI (Fat Mass Index), FFMI (Fat-Free Mass Index), and PA (Phase Angle), were assessed using InBody 770. Behavioral factors were gathered via WHO Steps 2014 questionnaire. Results Notable sex differences were observed in body composition and blood pressure, with men exhibiting higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and FFMI values. In men, healthy eating habits were associated with higher PA (r = 0.12) and lower pulse (r = −0.16), while salt consumption resulted in lower PA (r = −0.15). Consuming breakfast and eating fewer meals per day were linked to higher PA (r = 0.15). In both men and women, increased energy drinks consumption was associated with lower FFMI. In women, unhealthy sleep routine and late-night eating habits resulted in higher BMI (r = −0.11). Moreover, coffee and milk consumption were associated with higher FFMI (r = 0.11). Conclusion Our results show that healthy eating habits and meal structure associate with favourable body composition (higher FFMI and optimal BMI), while unhealthy eating links to adverse somatic variables emphasizing prevention in young populations.