The zonal harmonic standing waves in the southern hemisphere

We have examined the zonal harmonic waves in the southern hemisphere by means of longterm average heights of constant-pressure surfaces from sea level to 100 mb and by daily 500-mb heights, and found that waves 1, 2, and 3 have significant standing components. Wave 1 at extratropical latitudes has one peak in the subpolar regions and another in the subtropics. The ridge of the subpolar region is in the Pacific and the ridge of the subtropical region is in the Atlantic Ocean. The phase changes near 40°S where the amplitude tends toward nought. In summer the wave is biggest near the tropopause but in winter it continues to grow into the stratosphere over the area where the temperature drops poleward. Wave 2 has a large standing component over Antarctica with its ridges over the highest parts of west and east Antarctica. There is a well-defined wave 3 between 25° and 60°S in all months, with ridges near the three lower-latitude continents. In addition the wave has a marked peak in the upper tropical troposphere in summer, which is in phase with that at higher latitudes.