Introduction Haemorrhoidal disease affects 25–40% of adults worldwide and constitutes a primary reason for outpatient colorectal consultations. Surgical management is essential for grade III–IV or treatment-refractory cases. Numerous procedures have emerged, including Milligan-Morgan open haemorrhoidectomy, Ferguson closed haemorrhoidectomy, stapled haemorrhoidopexy, Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation, transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation and laser haemorrhoidoplasty. However, randomised controlled trials and conventional meta-analyses report conflicting results on efficacy, postoperative pain, recurrence rates and complications such as bleeding, stenosis and incontinence. Although network meta-analyses exist, an updated synthesis is needed because outcomes and follow-up vary across trials. This protocol aims to determine the most effective and safest haemorrhoid interventions (office-based and operative) through systematic review and network meta-analysis, providing evidence-based guidance for clinical practice and guideline development. Methods and analysis The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, SinoMed and Wanfang databases will be searched from inception to January 2025, limited to English or Chinese publications. Randomised controlled trials evaluating haemorrhoid interventions/procedures for haemorrhoidal disease will be included, with outcomes encompassing cure rate, recurrence, complications, postoperative pain, wound-healing time, anal function and operative duration. Risk of bias will be assessed using RoB 2. Pairwise meta-analyses will be conducted in RevMan; network meta-analysis will employ Bayesian frameworks in GeMTC or R, incorporating consistency evaluation, node-splitting and surface under the cumulative ranking curve for treatment ranking. Subgroup analyses (haemorrhoid grade, follow-up duration), sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessments will be performed. Evidence certainty will be graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach and the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) framework. Ethics and dissemination As only published data will be used, ethical approval is not required. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations. PROSPERO registration number CRD420251053697.
Li et al. (Wed,) studied this question.