Migraine is a prevalent, chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of moderate to severe headache, often associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. It is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors, and can present with or without aura. The global burden of migraine is significant, affecting approximately 15–18% of the population and contributing substantially to disability and reduced quality of life. The pathophysiology of migraine involves complex neurovascular mechanisms, particularly the activation of the trigeminovascular system, leading to the release of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and neurokinin A. Migraine progression typically occurs in four phases: premonitory, aura, headache, and postdromal phases, each associated with distinct clinical features. Various triggers, including stress, dietary factors, hormonal fluctuations, sleep disturbances, and environmental stimuli, play a crucial role in initiating migraine attacks. Diagnosis is primarily clinical and based on criteria established by the International Headache Society. Management strategies aim to reduce the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks and improve patient quality of life. Current treatment approaches include pharmacological therapies such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptans, anti-emetics, and CGRP antagonists. In addition, alternative approaches including Ayurveda, homeopathy, yoga, and lifestyle modifications have been explored for their supportive role in migraine management. In conclusion, migraine remains an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition despite its high prevalence and impact. A comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology and triggers, along with an integrated therapeutic approach, is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes.
*Ms. Gayatri Mahadeo Hajare (Thu,) studied this question.