Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a critical global health concern, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic agents derived from natural sources. Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) is a widely available plant known for its rich phytochemical composition and potential antimicrobial properties. This review focuses on a comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of orange peel and orange leaf extracts. Orange peel is particularly rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and essential oils such as limonene, which contribute to its strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. In contrast, orange leaf extract contains alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and lower levels of phenolics, resulting in moderate antimicrobial effects. Various extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and steam distillation, influence the yield and efficacy of bioactive compounds. Both extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Candida, and Aspergillus. However, orange peel extract demonstrates superior potency, with lower minimum inhibitory concentrations and broader spectrum activity. The review also highlights applications in pharmaceuticals, food preservation, and cosmetics, along with limitations and future prospects. Overall, Citrus sinensis peel represents a promising natural antimicrobial agent with significant industrial and therapeutic potential.
CHOJAR et al. (Wed,) studied this question.