Central to this framework is the identification and structured presentation of 13 Hidden Variables — biological contributors to schizophrenia pathophysiology that are empirically established in the literature but are systematically invisible to standard functional MRI (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) neuroimaging. These variables span genetic, epigenetic, molecular, cellular, metabolic, developmental, and environmental layers. Their invisibility to standard neuroimaging does not diminish their causal relevance; it underscores the need for multi-modal assessment approaches and cross-disciplinary modelling frameworks.
Timothy Desmond (Wed,) studied this question.