Abstract The Unani system of medicine emphasizes the importance of maintaining the body’s internal equilibrium through the regulation of Ihtibās (retention) and Istifrāgh (evacuation). These processes are fundamental components of Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya (the six essential factors) and are considered vital for sustaining health and preventing diseases. Ihtibās ensures the preservation of beneficial nutrients necessary for growth and optimal physiological functions, while Istifrāgh prevents the harmful accumulation of Fuḍlāt (waste products) in the body. Classical Unani scholars including, Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abullāh Ibn Sīnā , and ‘Alī ibn ‘Abbās Majūsī described the pathological implications of Iḥtibās wa Istifrāgh (Retention and evacuation) on the body. A disturbance in these mechanisms may result in an imbalance of mizāj (temperament) within the body, which ultimately may lead to diseases. This narrative review examined classical Unani texts and contemporary research to analyze the concept of Iḥtibās wa Istifrāgh in health maintenance. Relevant literature was identified through systematic screening of primary treatises and scholarly databases. Extracted data were thematically analyzed to evaluate physiological principles and their significance in Unani health preservation. The Unani approach to health preservation advocates for the modulation of Ihtibās wa Istifrāgh based on an individual’s temperament, environment, and lifestyle. This review highlights the critical role of Iḥtibās wa Istifrāgh in Unani preventive medicine, emphasizing their relevance in maintaining health.
Zaki et al. (Wed,) studied this question.