This paper systematically and comprehensively extends the framework of Operational Mathematics---originally developed for complex hyperoperations, fractional calculus, and continuous iteration semigroups---to the realm of modulo arithmetic and its inverse operations. The core innovation lies in treating the repetition count of fundamental modulo operations (modulo addition, modulo multiplication, modulo exponentiation, modulo tetration, and higher modulo hyperoperations) as an independent variable that can be rigorously extended from natural numbers to integers, rational numbers, real numbers, p-adic numbers, and ultimately to complex numbers. We establish a complete axiomatic system consisting of six logically independent axioms that are fully compatible with the fundamental theorems of modular arithmetic: the Chinese Remainder Theorem, the structure of the multiplicative group (/m) ^, the finite state space property, and the p-adic completion process. The theory builds upon and parallelly mirrors every construction in classical Operational Mathematics---Schr\"oder's equation and Abel's equation for fractional iteration roots, Kneser's construction for real-order tetration, and analytic continuation to complex orders---while adapting each to the unique features of modulo arithmetic: congruence equivalence, finite eventual periodicity, restricted existence of inverses, and p-adic analyticity. We rigorously construct integer-order modulo iterations and prove their finite cyclic group structure. Using p-adic analysis, Hensel's lemma, and the theory of formal groups, we establish the existence and uniqueness of modulo Schr\"oder functions for both attracting and repelling p-adic fixed points, and modulo Abel functions for parabolic fixed points. These functional equations yield modulo iterative roots of any rational order, which we unify via a limiting process relating the Schr\"oder and Abel constructions. The p-adic Kneser construction is carried out in full detail to produce a unique real-analytic modulo tetration function satisfying the functional equation and a p-adic convexity condition. Its analytic continuation to complex orders reveals a rich Riemann surface structure with logarithmic branch points at negative integers and a natural boundary along the negative real axis. We further demonstrate that modulo finite difference operators and modulo indefinite summation operators constitute a one-parameter p-adic analytic semigroup satisfying the semigroup property, thereby subsuming modulo fractional difference calculus as a special case of Modulo Operational Mathematics. The corresponding modulo fractional calculus of variations is developed, yielding modulo fractional Euler--Lagrange equations and a modulo fractional Noether theorem. Treating the operation count as an independent variable, we develop the functional analysis of modulo iteration semigroups, characterize their infinitesimal generators, and establish the resulting differential equations. A profound duality between the mathematics of numbers (modular arithmetic) and the mathematics of operations (modulo iteration semigroups) is formalized via Dirichlet character theory and categorical equivalence. This duality reveals that the discrete logarithm problem is precisely the extraction of the iteration count from the operation, and that the Frobenius endomorphism admits a continuous family of fractional iterations connected with the zeros of Hasse--Weil zeta functions. The continuous modulo hyperoperation spectrum is constructed, uniquely interpolating between all levels of modulo hyperoperations for complex order. Exponentially convergent numerical algorithms with rigorous error bounds are provided. Applications to post-quantum cryptography, fractional-order Shor algorithms, and the Weil conjectures are explored in depth. All conjectures and open problems are transformed into rigorously proven theorems. Complete numerical verification data, algorithm pseudocode, and explicit computational tables confirm every theoretical claim. This work establishes Modulo Operational Mathematics as a self-contained, rigorously axiomatized discipline that bridges discrete modular arithmetic with continuous p-adic and complex analysis, revealing the operation count as a fundamental mathematical dimension.
Liu S (Wed,) studied this question.