Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by dopaminergic neuronal loss and complex motor and non-motor symptoms. To systematically review therapeutic strategies ranging from pharmacological management to neuromodulation therapies in PD. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (2000–2025). Studies including clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included. Pharmacological therapies such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, and enzyme inhibitors remain first-line treatments but are associated with long-term complications. Neuromodulation therapies, particularly deep brain stimulation (DBS), provide significant symptomatic relief in advanced PD. Emerging therapies such as focused ultrasound, transcranial stimulation, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy show promising results. While pharmacotherapy remains essential, neuromodulation therapies play a crucial role in advanced disease stages. Future strategies should integrate multimodal and personalized approaches.
2Sreenu Thalla *1Guduri Sri Padmavathi Pravallika (Fri,) studied this question.
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