The subject of this study is the processes of structural transformation of Eurasian integration projects in the context of a changing international order. The object of analysis is Eurasian integration as a system of interconnected institutional formats of regional interaction, including the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). The study conceptualizes Eurasian integration as a multi-layered system in which different levels and mechanisms of coordination interact. Particular attention is paid to the institutional architecture of these organizations, their functional differentiation, the distribution of competences across governance levels, and the comparative analysis of coordination models, degrees of institutional formalization, and mechanisms for reconciling state interests, as well as the factors driving transformation under conditions of geopolitical fragmentation and increasing regionalization. The methodology is based on a comparative-institutional approach and the concept of multi-level governance, combining institutional, comparative-political, and structural-functional analysis with qualitative analysis of legal and academic sources. The scientific novelty lies in interpreting Eurasian integration as a multi-layered system of multi-level governance in which institutional coordination is realized through functionally differentiated mechanisms. The study demonstrates that structural transformation is driven not only by internal institutional dynamics but also by external factors, including geopolitical instability, sanctions pressure, institutional asymmetry among member states, and differences in the functional roles of integration formats. It establishes that the EAEU operates a partially supranational coordination model in the economic sphere, whereas the SCO and CSTO rely on consensus-based mechanisms in political and security domains. The interaction of these formats forms a hybrid governance model that enables adaptation to a multipolar international environment. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of regionalism and refine the application of multi-level governance to non-European integration contexts.
Xiaohan Xue (Wed,) studied this question.