Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Modulating Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Current Advance and Future Perspectives

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurological illness characterized by the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to atrophy, paralysis, and respiratory failure. With an average lifespan of two to five years following the ALS is one of the most challenging neurological disorders that modern medicine must treat when symptoms first appear. This comprehensive summary covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and available treatments for ALS The most frequent genetic cause of ALS is the increase of the C9orf72hexanucleotide repeat, which has been linked to over 20 genes in recent molecular genetic research. Effective disease-modifying treatments are still scarce despite tremendous advancements in our understanding of disease mechanisms, such as protein aggregation, RNA processing errors, mitochondrial failure, and neuroinflammation. The survival advantages of currently approved therapies, such as edaravone and riluzole, are minimal. However, patients now have more hope thanks to novel therapeutic techniques, especially gene-targeted treatments like antisense oligonucleotides and stem cell-based interventions. This study highlights the vital significance of early diagnosis, multidisciplinary therapy, and the continuous shift to precision medicine methods that are customized to each patient's unique genetic and molecular profile.