Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in semi‐arid regions is increasingly limited by drought, salinity, and soil fertility decline. This study evaluated the combined effect of biochar, plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and nanonutrients on tomato physiological, biochemical, agronomic, and economic performance across two field seasons (2023 and 2024). A randomized complete block design with five treatments was used: control, biochar, biochar combined with PGPR and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), biochar combined with nanonutrients, and the integrated application of biochar, PGPR, AMF, and nanonutrients along with the recommended mineral fertilization. The integrated treatment (T5: biochar + PGPR + nanonutrients) significantly improved chlorophyl content, relative water content, antioxidant enzyme activity (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)), and photosynthetic rate, alongside elevated proline and sugar levels. These responses corresponded to a substantial yield increase of 98%, reaching 55.9 t ha −1 in the 2024 season, along with significant improvements in fruit weight and fruit number compared with the control. Treatment T5 achieved the highest net economic return (15,045 EGP ha −1 ) and the greatest benefit–cost ratio, confirming its economic feasibility despite the higher initial input costs. Notably, the integrated treatment demonstrated consistent performance across seasons while significantly improving both yield quality and plant stress resilience. This study provides field‐based evidence supporting the integrated application of biochar, PGPR, and nanonutrients under semi‐arid conditions. Collectively, the findings support this integrated approach as a climate‐smart and economically sustainable strategy for tomato production in resource‐limited environments.
Hamed et al. (Wed,) studied this question.