Immunocastration uses antigen-antibody interactions to suppress reproductive function without surgery. This review examines vaccines targeting GnRH, zona pellucida (ZP), and sperm antigens, focusing on GnRH vaccine platforms, carriers, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Applications in livestock, pets, and wildlife are discussed. Remaining challenges include variable immune responses and long-term efficacy. Future advances in recombinant technology and adjuvants may broaden clinical application.
Ji et al. (Wed,) studied this question.