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Thus ended the Old Kingdom in Egypt, with Pepi II, last Pharoah of the 6th dynasty, overthrown by widespread popular uprisings (Klasens 1968). Written observations on revolution thus stretch back more than 4000 years, extending through Plato and Aristotle to Machiavelli, de Tocqueville, and Marx. This essay details the work of our own century. I begin by examining some of the basic problems that arise in understanding why revolutions occur. Next I survey the progress made in solving these problems to roughly 1975. The third section of this essay concentrates in greater detail on studies appearing in the last half-decade.
Jack Α. Goldstone (Sun,) studied this question.