Hydrogen energy vision 2060: Hydrogen as energy Carrier in Malaysian primary energy mix – Developing P2G case

The transition of Malaysia from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources provides significant challenges and opportunities for various energy sectors. Incorporation of H2 in the primary energy mix requires a deal of complexity in its relation to production, transportation, and end-use. The Sarawak State Government in Malaysia implemented a hydrogen energy roadmap for the year 2005–2030 on the state-level but despite the great enthusiasm and full support given by the government, the development of hydrogen technology is still far from its goals. This is due to several factors that hinder its progress including (1) inability of hydrogen to be integrated with current primary energy infrastructure, (2) limited technology resources to produce sustainable hydrogen, and (3) lack of technical expertise in the field of hydrogen. In this paper, a potential national roadmap and milestones are presented based on the power-to-gas (P2G) approach combined with its implications on the national natural gas (NG) pipeline network. Besides that, the long-term and short-term strategies and implementation mechanisms are discussed in detail. Furthermore, complete research schemes are formulated to be in-line with the presented vision to further enhance technology development and implementation.