A comprehensive review of rare-earth activated phosphors for latent fingerprint detection technique

Abstract The detection of latent fingerprint remains one of the most important aspects in forensic science for individual identification and crime investigations. However, traditional detection techniques frequently struggle with insufficient contrast, chemical toxicity and background interference on complex and multicoloured surfaces. Therefore, phosphors have acquired a significant attention among forensic scientists. Especially, the rare-earth activated phosphors, owing to their distinctive and highly efficient luminescent characteristics. Researchers have developed a wide range of rare-earth activated phosphors over the years. Which has made the visualization of latent fingerprints easier, on various types of surfaces with varying nature. This review systematically examines the rare-earth activated phosphors and their development as a superior alternative to the traditional materials, With an emphasis on their ability to produce level-3 fingerprint features. Furthermore, this review evaluates the effects of surface modifications on the adhesion, longevity and the performance of the rare-earth activated phosphors in the visualization of latent fingerprints, substantiating them as a vital tool in forensic science.