Vascular malformations of the head and neck and a molecularly guided precision therapy framework

-mediated pathology, and MEK inhibition for RAS/MAPK-driven lesions. We summarize translational and clinical evidence and provide practical guidance on indications, expected responses, toxicity monitoring, and sequencing for head and neck lesions. By reframing treatment selection around molecular drivers rather than descriptive phenotype, this review introduces a clinically actionable paradigm that advances care for vascular malformations from lesion control toward durable, mechanism-based disease modification.