• Dual oscillating heat pipes with GO and GO–MXene nanofluids are applied for PV thermal regulation. • GO–MXene nanofluid at 0.2 g/L achieves the highest cooling effectiveness and energy • output. Electrical energy production increases by 99 Wh/ day with exergy efficiency exceeding 58% • Hybrid nanofluid cooling reduces entropy generation and improves the LCOE of PV systems. Photovoltaic (PV) technology plays a central role in the global transition toward low‑carbon and renewable energy systems; however, excessive operating temperatures remain a critical limitation that reduces electrical efficiency and accelerates material degradation. To address this challenge, this study investigates the thermal regulation of a PV module integrated with dual oscillating heat pipes charged with graphene oxide (GO) and GO–MXene nanofluids. The nanofluids were prepared at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 g/L to systematically evaluate their influence on heat dissipation and energy conversion performance. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis was conducted to assess thermal behavior, electrical output, exergy efficiency, and entropy generation. The results show that the GO–MXene nanofluid at a concentration of 0.2 g/L provides the most effective cooling performance, reducing the thermal resistance of the oscillating heat pipe by up to 58.2% and increasing the daily electrical energy generation of the PV module by approximately 99 Wh compared with the uncooled configuration. The improved cooling performance also enhanced the PV system exergy efficiency by up to 15.4%, indicating a substantial reduction in thermodynamic irreversibilities. By increasing renewable electricity production, the proposed cooling approach contributes to reducing reliance on fossil‑fuel‑based electricity and therefore has the potential to mitigate associated CO₂ emissions. In addition, the economic feasibility of the proposed cooling strategy was evaluated through a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis, which showed that the standalone PV system has an LCOE of 0.087 USD/kWh, while the integration of cooling techniques reduces the cost to 0.069 USD/kWh for water cooling, 0.079 USD/kWh for GO nanofluid, and 0.077 USD/kWh for GO–MXene nanofluid, demonstrating the economic potential of OHP‑assisted thermal management.
Azarberahman et al. (Fri,) studied this question.