This review integrates epidemiological data and pathophysiological insights to highlight established and novel behavioral risk factors for heart failure, including ENDS, cannabis, and psychostimulants.
What are the established and novel behavioural risk factors that influence the onset and progression of heart failure?
This review highlights the importance of addressing both traditional and novel behavioural risk factors, such as e-cigarettes and cannabis, in the primary prevention of heart failure.
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by structural or functional cardiac abnormalities that impair ventricular filling or ejection, leading to inadequate systemic perfusion and elevated intracardiac pressures. Current epidemiological estimations declare approximately 26 million patients affected worldwide are living with HF. While ischemic heart disease remains the primary etiology, there is a wide range of behavioural factors that significantly influence disease onset and progression. This review focuses on the evidence for established risk factors, including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, sleep disorders, and psychological stress. Furthermore, we discuss other novel determinants such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), cannabis, high-dose caffeine, and psychostimulants. The basic mechanistic pathways, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neurohormonal activation, and direct myocardial toxicity, are also pointed out and reviewed in this paper. The aim of this study is to integrate epidemiological data with pathophysiological insights to identify priority targets for primary prevention and highlight areas for future research.
Kusyn et al. (Thu,) conducted a review in Heart failure. This review integrates epidemiological data and pathophysiological insights to highlight established and novel behavioral risk factors for heart failure, including ENDS, cannabis, and psychostimulants.