The increasing global demand for clean water and sustainable energy is driving intensive research into advanced materials for water remediation and clean energy production. Herein, different concentrations of TiBi 2 O 3 were synthesized at 25% Ti_ Bi 2 O 3, 50% Ti_ Bi 2 O 3 and 75% Ti_ Bi 2 O 3 using hydrothermal method. The influence of varying Ti concentration on the structural, morphological, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic properties was investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the monoclinic phase of Bi 2 O 3 and showed successful Ti incorporation which caused peak broadening and shifts. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved the formation of Ti-O-Bi bonds showing effective doping. SEM analysis revealed both spherical shaped and needle shaped structures and for 75% Ti_ Bi 2 O 3 the average particle size was found to be 98. 06 nm. Photocatalytic activity was measured using Congo red dye degradation under UV light which showed as Ti doping increased the photocatalytic degradation % increased and reached 98. 71% degradation at 50% Ti concentration. Electrocatalytic activity measured using LSV and CV showed 75% TiBi 2 O 3 has the best OER and HER catalytic performance with OER Tafel slope of 221. 31 mVdec −1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data also supports 75% TiBi 2 O 3 nanoparticles having the highest electrocatalytic activity with the highest overall capacitive current response. • Ti doping significantly enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of Bi 2 O 3 • 50% TiBi 2 O 3 showed the highest degradation of 98. 71% of Congo red dye • Electrocatalytic activity improves with higher Ti doping with excellent HER and OER performance • 75% TiBi 2 O 3 showed the highest HER and OER performance • Crystal structure, morphology influenced catalytic activity • TiBi 2 O 3 nanoparticles can be used in both dye degradation and water splitting
Ullah et al. (Fri,) studied this question.