Site- and Size-Controlled PEGylation Modulates Biointerfaces and Immunoregulatory Functions of Bifunctional Peptides in an Autoimmune Disease Model

macrophages. Unlike conventional PEGylation used for pharmacokinetic extension, this approach employs PEG as an active spatial modulator of peptide-cell interfaces. Overall, these results establish PEGylation-guided biointerface control as a rational design principle for polymer-peptide conjugates and demonstrate its potential for translational immunotherapy in autoimmune disease.