Experimental validation of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid energy management system using Processor-in-the-Loop testing for green energy applications

This paper presents the experimental validation of an energy management system (EMS) for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid (MG) that integrates renewable energy sources (RES) and a gas turbine as an auxiliary source. The MG, connected to the main grid, allows bidirectional energy exchange to meet variable power demands. The validation uses Processor-in-the-Loop (PIL) testing, implemented on an ESP32 microcontroller, and features a Human–Machine Interface (HMI) for real-time monitoring and interaction. The study adopts a Model-Based Design (MBD) approach, progressing through the MIL, SIL, and PIL phases to ensure EMS accuracy and reliability. PIL testing combines EMS running on the ESP32 with a MATLAB/Simulink MG model in a closed-loop configuration. The key scenarios analyzed include power exchange profiles, daily C O 2 emissions, and visualization of power balance through the HMI. The results confirm the effectiveness of the EMS, with a strong alignment between PIL and conventional simulations, while highlighting hardware-induced delays. EMS achieves substantial improvements in C O 2 emission reduction, integration of RES and cost optimization. This work demonstrates the robustness of PIL testing for EMS validation, bridging simulation, and real-world deployment. The HMI improves usability and diagnostic capabilities, paving the way for efficient and scalable EMS in hybrid MG.