A general battery model for PV system simulation

Abstract A battery model is proposed as a tool to simulate and optimize photovoltaic (PV) / storage systems. the normalized form of the equations with respect to the battery capacity allows us to generalize its use for any type and size of lead‐acid batteries. The validity of this model to represent the battery voltage evolution during charge, overcharge and discharge processes and to predict the performance of solar systems under different operational conditions is analysed. Moreover, the battery efficiency losses are presented as a function of the upper regulation thresholds of the charge controllers and the size of the array and storage systems in a domestic application in the climate of Madrid.