Sarcopenia, body composition, physical performance, and clinical features in Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional comparative study

Objective To compare sarcopenia prevalence, body composition, physical performance, and related clinical features between middle-aged and older patients with mild-to-moderate Parkinson’s disease (PD) and matched controls. Methods A cross-sectional study carried out at a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Patients with PD in Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–3 and controls matched for age, sex and comorbidities were assessed. We measured handgrip strength with a hand dynamometer. Body composition and muscle mass were evaluated using DEXA. Sarcopenia was diagnosed following EWGSOP2 criteria. Clinical, cognitive and nutritional assessments were also performed. Results The study population comprised 250 patients (124 with PD), of whom one hundred and nine (43.6%) were female. The median age was 69.5 (IQR 61.9 – 76). Similar prevalences of sarcopenia were found among PD patients (9.7%) and controls (11.1%). PD patients had higher SARC-F scores, worse balance, higher gait speed, and more frequent falls. After adjustment for age, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, quantile regression showed a downward trend in handgrip strength and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index among PD patients, with a significant muscle mass reduction at the 40 th percentile. PD patients also had lower calf circumference and fat mass, despite higher protein intake. Conclusion Patients with PD had worse balance, greater fall risk, and lower muscle mass and calf circumference compared to controls, despite similar sarcopenia prevalence. These results highlight subtle but potentially clinically relevant impairments that may not be captured by traditional mean-based analyses and categorical sarcopenia diagnosis.