Rap1 Is a Potent Activation Signal for Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen 1 Distinct from Protein Kinase C and Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase

To identify the intracellular signals which increase the adhesiveness of leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), we established an assay system for activation-dependent adhesion through LFA-1/intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ICAM-1 using mouse lymphoid cells reconstituted with human LFA-1 and then introduced constitutively active forms of signaling molecules. We found that the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-responsive protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes (α, βI, βII, and δ) or phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase) itself activated LFA-1 to bind ICAM-1. H-Ras and Rac activated LFA-1 in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner, whereas Rho and R-Ras had little effect. Unexpectedly, Rap1 was demonstrated to function as the most potent activator of LFA-1. Distinct from H-Ras and Rac, Rap1 increased the adhesiveness independently of PI 3-kinase, indicating that Rap1 is a novel activation signal for the integrins. Rap1 induced changes in the conformation and affinity of LFA-1 and, interestingly, caused marked LFA-1/ICAM-1-mediated cell aggregation. Furthermore, a dominant negative form of Rap1 (Rap1N17) inhibited T-cell receptor-mediated LFA-1 activation in Jurkat T cells and LFA-1/ICAM-1-dependent cell aggregation upon differentiation of HL-60 cells into macrophages, suggesting that Rap1 is critically involved in physiological processes. These unique functions of Rap1 in controlling cellular adhesion through LFA-1 suggest a pivotal role as an immunological regulator.