Face-to-Face Versus Computer-Mediated Communication: A Synthesis of the Experimental Literature

This paper synthesizes the findings of published experimental studies (n = 18) that compared face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The literature is pulled together by way of ten propositions, each pre-sented with the supporting evidence. In general, discussions on CMC take longer, produce more ideas, and have greater equality of participation. There is reduced normative pressure and poorer comprehension of the discussion in CMC. Findings regarding quality of performance, uninhibited behavior, choice shift, attitude change, and evaluation of communication partner are not defini-tive. Factors limiting the internal and external validity of these studies are also discussed. Computers and electronic networks have revolutionized commu-nication. Without having to bother with stamps, envelopes, and the delay in postal mail (called dquo;snail maildquo; by electronic mail enthu-siasts), millions of people have interacted via e-mail. All it takes is a PC, a modem, and some software (Eisenberg, 1994) and one can span not just city or national, but international boundaries.