Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), designated as persistent organic pollutants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants extensively distributed across surface water ecosystems. This study applies multivariate optimization strategies to a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) approach for the extraction of acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(a)pyrene, followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Extraction selectivity and efficiency were systematically evaluated using extraction and dispersive solvents spanning a range of dielectric constants. A fractional factorial design (FrFD) was used to screen key DLLME variables, followed by Box-Behnken design (BBD) optimization. Separation of all target PAHs was achieved on a DB-5HT column with an analysis time of <19 min. The optimized method was linear over 5–200 μg/L, with limits of detection of 0.11–0.33 μg/L. Good precision was obtained with relative standard deviations of <10% for peak areas and <0.2% for retention times. The method achieved an AGREE greenness score of 0.57, enrichment factors of 19.6–48.1, and recoveries of 65–111%. The validated DLLME-GC-FID method was successfully applied to quantify PAHs in terrestrial waters (wastewater, lake, river, and drain water).
Chen et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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