Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices.

¯ = 0.02, 95% CI = -0.06, 0.10. We conclude that apparent effects of growth mindset interventions on academic achievement are likely attributable to inadequate study design, reporting flaws, and bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).