How does the Global South embrace nature-based solutions? A systematic review

Abstract This systematic review focuses on analyzing the application of nature-based solutions (NbS) with the patterns and motivations in the Global South literature. The analysis of the study was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analyses based on the systematic search of the Web of Science database with 64 articles. The findings point to the growing interest of scholars in NbS, and the most studied regions are Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The review lays emphasis on the ecosystem-based adaptation and integrated NbS plans especially in urban plans, coastal management and agricultural systems. The drivers of NbS are linked to adapting to and sustaining a changing climate, rather than mitigating and promoting social equity. Implementation patterns highlight the multifunctional character of NbS in addressing interrelated socio-ecological issues, yet governance limitations, financial reliance, and equity issues remain. The paper is also explicitly context-specific to NbS in the Global South and supports an inclusive, participatory design, the incorporation of local knowledge, and the consideration of justice to increase future effectiveness and scalability. The synthesis provides evidence for policymaking and practice and pinpoints gaps in research, such as a lack of long-term assessments and fair structures in NbS implementation.