Byzantium, Orthodoxy, and Democracy

This article addresses the question of the compatibility between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and modern understandings of democracy. Recent images in the press suggest at worst hostility toward democracy and at best ambivalence on the part of the Orthodox churches. The source of this hostility and ambivalence lies in part with Orthodoxy's Byzantine heritage. The influence of this heritage is especially evident in a recent debate between two contemporary Orthodox ethicists, Stanley Harakas and Vigen Guroian, over the proper role of the Orthodox Church in relation to the American democratic state. Through an analysis of this debate this article argues that there does not exist a “clash of civilizations” between Orthodoxy and democracy and that Orthodox support of communitarian forms of democracy is warranted on inner theological grounds. This article also intends to offer a concrete response to an inevitable question regarding the relation of religion and empire: Are religious traditions whose own thinking on political philosophy was shaped within the context of an empire inherently incompatible with modern democratic principles of church–state separation, multiculturalism, and religious pluralism?