Associated factors, barriers, and interventions to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary time in academics: a systematic review

Low physical activity and prolonged sedentary time harm health and psychological well-being. Being insufficiently active is associated with a risk of numerous non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Academics comprise a notable portion of the workforce and serve as important role models, yet their positions may involve many sedentary behaviours. The factors associated with their physical activity and sedentary behaviours are unclear. This review aimed to identify the associated factors, barriers, and the effectiveness of interventions in promoting physical activity among academics. Systematic review. The data were collated from CINAHL Ultimate, Cochrane, Medline (OVID), Scopus, and SPORTDiscus between March and April 2024. Studies were selected if they (1) involved participants employed in academics, including professional staff (2), investigated the physical activity or sedentary behaviours as a primary outcome and/or the associated factors, and (3) identified the effectiveness of physical activity interventions. Studies with full-text in English were selected if published in peer-reviewed journals before April 2024. Of the included 46 studies,12 demonstrated 63.10% (95% CI 54.70%, 71.10%, p < 0.0001, I2 = 96.40%) of participants had low physical activity, while 2 reported a long mean sedentary time per workday of 553.10 min (95% CI 29.51, 1135.72, p = 0.70 I2 = 0%). Various physical activity measures were utilised, and 42 associated factors were identified, categorised as sociodemographic (n = 7), psychological (n = 13), environmental (n = 6), work-related (n = 7), and health-related factors (n = 9). Sedentary behaviours were associated with burnout, lower prospective mood, and lower energetic arousal. Barriers to physical activity (n = 12) and interventions (n = 7) were identified. The findings suggest that it is imperative to develop institutional strategies and interventions to promote physical activity in the academic population. The diversity and complexity of factors associated with physical activity indicate that further research with a large sample size and a consistent measure is needed to identify the needs of academics for physical activity promotion to enhance well-being.