Maritime logistics shipping performance port productivity and inland waterways infrastructure as determinants of sustainable agricultural supply chain efficiency in Nigeria

Abstract The efficiency and sustainability of maritime logistics play a crucial role in the performance of agricultural supply chains across West Africa, yet empirical evidence from the Nigerian context remains limited. This study examines the interconnected effects of shipping performance, port productivity, and inland waterways infrastructure on agricultural supply chain efficiency and sustainability in Nigeria. Using cross-sectional quantitative data collected in 2025 from major Nigerian ports, shipping companies, and agricultural logistics operators, with respondents providing performance assessments based on operational experience covering the 2018–2024 period, the study applies regression analysis and structural equation modelling to evaluate the relationships among logistics indicators, transport reliability, and agricultural throughput. The results reveal that improved shipping frequency and vessel turnaround time significantly enhance supply chain responsiveness and long-term operational sustainability. Port productivity, measured through berth occupancy, crane moves per hour, and container dwell time, demonstrates a strong positive relationship with sustainable agricultural export performance. Furthermore, the availability and quality of inland waterways infrastructure strengthen connectivity between maritime transport and inland agricultural markets, supporting resilient and environmentally efficient logistics systems. The findings highlight the strategic importance of coordinated and sustainable investment in maritime logistics and inland transport infrastructure to promote food security, trade competitiveness, and inclusive economic development. The study contributes empirical evidence linking sustainable maritime efficiency and agricultural performance within a developing economy framework, offering practical insights for policy makers, port authorities, and logistics operators in West Africa.