Cyber Counsellors

Abstract The Internet and satellite TV have introduced substantial innovations in both the production and the consumption of Islamic knowledge. The development of new infrastructures, skills and communication patterns has resulted in the emergence of 'new media ecology', where established traditional Muslim authorities compete for audiences with charismatic satellite preachers and Internet-based muftis. This article explores four distinct websites providing normative content for Muslim minorities in the UK. It focuses on the connections between these Islamic websites and global and local Islamic institutions, the interactions between online and offline Muslim communities and the ways in which the normative content online shapes offline religious manifestations and practices. By doing so, it aims to locate the sources of authority associated with these websites and to explore how Muslim identities are built, negotiated and performed in new discursive spaces. Essentially, this article argues that the underlying logic behind Islamic cyber counselling emphasizes the role of self, the privatization of faith and the increasing insistence on religion as a system of values and ethics. It also demonstrates that the popularity of Internet preachers and muftis converges with the broader transformation of contemporary religiosity, which similarly emphasizes the role of the individual. Such transformation promotes a ready-made and easily accessible set of norms and values that might bring order to daily life and define a practical and visible identity. Nevertheless, the article also demonstrates that the Internet has in the long term reinforced culturally dominant social networks and that while fuelling individualization and privatization of faith, the Internet simultaneously asserts conformity and compliance with established religious authorities. Keywords: religion onlineMuslim minoritiesIslamic lawinformation and communication technologyidentityreligious authority Acknowledgements This article was supported by a research grant entitled 'The Concept of Time in Humanities and Social Sciences' (No. 261107) financed by the Specific University Research and investigated at the Charles University Faculty of Arts in Prague, 2010. Notes Our aim, fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/ouraim. html (28 February 2011). Scholars biographies, fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/permanentcommittee. htm (28 February 2011). Divorce procedures in non-Muslim countries, fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/fataawa/muslimminorities/0000920₂. htm (28 February 2011). A woman embracing Islaam whilst her husband does not, fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/fataawa/muslimminorities/0000324₂. htm (28 February 2011). Study and work in mixed-sex-environments, fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/fataawa/muslimminorities/0000324₃. htm (28 February 2011). Marrying non-Muslim women, fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/fataawa/muslimminorities/0000822₅. htm (28 February 2011). Calling non-Muslims 'brother' or 'sister', fatwa-online, Online Available at: http: //www. fatwa-online. com/fataawa/muslimminorities/0000920₄. htm (28 February 2011). Smatch, Online Available at: http: //www. smatch. net/ (28 February 2011). Fidyah, UmmahServices, Online Available at: http: //www. ummahservices. com/fidyah. htm (28 February 2011). Badal hajj, UmmahServices, Online Available at: http: //www. ummahservices. com/badalhajj. htm (28 February 2011). Badal hajj, UmmahServices, Online Available at: http: //www. ummahservices. com/badalhajj. htm (28 February 2011). Badal hajj, UmmahServices, Online Available at: http: //www. ummahservices. com/badalhajj. htm (28 February 2011). About Us, IslamOnline, Online Available at: http: //www. islamonline. net/English/AboutUs. shtml (20 February 2010). IslamOnline, Online Available at: http: //www. islamonline. net/servlet/Satellite? cid=1119503549292 OnIslam. net 30, 936; and Fatwa-Online. com 503, 872. See Alexa (2011) Online Available at: http: //www. alexa. com (24 January 2011). About us, Islamic Sharia Council, Online Available at: http: //www. islamic-sharia. org/about-us/about-us-9. html (28 February 2011).