Mineral composition of neglected and underutilized food crops and their role in nutrition security in Sierra Leone

Abstract Background Sierra Leone’s food system faces persistent nutritional challenges, largely due to limited crop diversity and reliance on imported staples. Neglected and Underutilized Food Crops (NUFCs), though culturally embedded and ecologically resilient, remain underexplored in formal nutrition and agricultural strategies. This study evaluates the mineral composition of selected NUFCs cultivated in Bo and Kenema districts regions known for their agricultural activity and vulnerability to micronutrient deficiencies. Methodology A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining ethnobotanical surveys with laboratory-based nutritional analysis. Plant samples were collected through guided field walks and community engagement, then identified and authenticated at the National Herbarium, Njala University. Mineral profiling was conducted using standardized procedures: Kjeldahl digestion for nitrogen (converted to protein), Bray I extraction for phosphorus, and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and flame photometry for trace elements including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P). All concentrations were standardized to mg/100 g for comparability. Result The results revealed that Piper umbellatum exhibited the most diverse mineral profile, with high concentrations of zinc (12.49 mg/100 g), phosphorus (103.1 mg/100 g), magnesium (8.94 mg/100 g), calcium (11.62 mg/100 g), and sodium (1.93 mg/100 g). Celosia argentea and Luffa aegyptiaca were iron-rich, while Ipomoea aquatica showed the highest protein content (7.00%) and notable potassium levels. These findings affirm the nutritional relevance of NUFCs and their potential to address micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in rural communities with limited access to nutrient rich foods. Conclusion This study confirms the nutritional value of selected indigenous NUFCs that are widely cultivated, long-naturalized, and traditionally consumed in Sierra Leone. Species such as Piper umbellatum , Celosia argentea , and Ipomoea aquatica demonstrate strong potential to enhance dietary diversity, public health, and food system resilience. The findings lay a foundation for future research, policy action, and community-level nutrition initiatives.