Integrating cultural landscape and ecological aesthetics in rural heritage tourism: a case study of Xizhou Ancient Town

Global rural heritage sites face increasing pressure to reconcile conservation and tourism. This study examines Xizhou Ancient Town in Dali, Yunnan, China, by proposing an integrated tripartite framework – cultural landscape, ecological aesthetics, and place experience – to overcome the limitations of single-theory models. Drawing on 580 visitor reviews (2016–2024) and field research, the study identifies six perception dimensions, with pastoral and aquatic landscapes and architectural and ethnic culture receiving 97% and 93% positive evaluations, respectively. By scientifically configuring 18 native plant species (e.g. Ginkgo, Camellia, Bougainvillea), the design enhances spatial aesthetics, cultural identity, and ecological resilience. Theoretically, this framework extends relevant theories to ethnic rural heritage contexts. Practically, the proposed plant-based strategy offers a replicable, low-cost model for landscape optimization under resource constraints. The findings provide actionable insights for the sustainable management and high-quality tourism development of rural heritage sites worldwide.