The rapid expansion of cloud services, digital platforms, and online communication has significantly amplified cybersecurity risks. Cyberattacks, including ransomware, phishing, malware, and unauthorized access, persistently threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. This review paper examines prevalent cybersecurity threats impacting modern information systems and explores effective prevention techniques to mitigate these risks. Key security measures such as firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), access controls, and user awareness training are analysed. Recent data indicates that global cybercrime costs are projected to reach 10. 5 trillion annually by 2025, underscoring the urgency of robust defences. The paper emphasizes the importance of a layered (defence-in-depth) security approach, incorporating risk assessment models, to protect systems and ensure secure digital operations. Emerging threats like AI-driven attacks and supply chain vulnerabilities are also discussed.
Akhter et al. (2026) studied this question.